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► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


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10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


M  M  I  M  MX 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ills 

lu 

difier 

me 

lage 


i 


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The  last  recorded  frame  on  eac.-;  microfiche 
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dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
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symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  6tre 
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reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


rrata 
to 


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nd 


n 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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A  MoiMftfofihe  Sic^  o/yiiti(gittieHf. 


"ft  , 


■gain.  kl  UtkKT.ri. 

Araonf  tiAi  Roimj'n  QuitalUI 
Fablui  ibir  thiiiimiHIie  )•  touf 
Mfntljr  «toll«d  nnviige  hU' 
Wrltni  I  uid  for  that  cmwc  h* 
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TfcTettanatto. 


r|"^HE  New-England  Historical  and  G*- 
X     nealogical  Register  for  January  is 
at  band,   laden  with  valuable  material, 
aeveral  leaves  of  which  remained  uncnt 
nntil  recently;  otherwise  one  of  the  con- 
tributions would  Lave  been  noticed  ere 
this,  since  it  demands  attention.    The 
article  in  question  relates  chiefly  to  Mr. 
iMurphy's  recent  publication  on  the  voy- 
age of   Verrazeano,  a  Navigator  in  the 
Bervice  of  Francis  I.,  King  oi  France, 
who,  in  1524,  saHed  along  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  aescribed  New  England.    Mr, 
Murphy  has  come  forward  to   demon- 
strate that  the  voyage  never  took  place, 
and  that  the  Letter  attributed  to  Ver- 
razzatio   is  a   fabrication.      The  writer 
in  the  St^ii^  etidoraes  Mr,  Murphy, 


ftud  tells  u«  tluit  wo  imwt  (traw  n  hlaeU 
line  over  all  thot  hnfl  been  written  on  th** 
subject  in  onr  liiHtorien.  But  in>t  w» 
fast. 

Of  eoiirne,  it  i«  tlie  right,  liny  the  «luty 
of  every  hirtorleul  student  to  t  rificise  the 
annaln  of  the  pniit  and  tlitnittnte  <he  folmr 
from  the  trne.     There  in  too  little  of  thii» 
work  done  in  these  days.     Bnt  the  critic 
himself  is  amenable  to  criticisto,  olid  Mr/ 
Mnrphy's  work  is  open  to  serions  objec 
tions.      He,  indeed,  makes  out  a  plansi-' 
bk  theory,  and  his  ingeaions  argtiKnentw 
might  decrive    even    the    elect.      Stilly 
while  the  spirit  of  the  i»rite*  is  adtoirabler 
and  the  aim  fair,  hia  irork  is  qtiite  over- 
shadowed by  the  influence  of  the  ptofes-' 
sional  habit;  aniT  we  discotgr,  not  only 
the  historian  in  search  of  triith,  bnt  the 
attorney  warmly  reaching  out  to  gta»p 
tlie  verdict.     Hence  the  work  is  charac 
terized  by  organic  weakness,  disguised 
under  aa  appearance  of  strength.- 


n  thf 

duty 

le  ihf 

>f  tiri» 

critic 
dUr, 
objec- 
tlnnoi-' 
<neut» 

Still, 
table, 

over- 
itofeR' 
S  only 
at  the 
grasp' 
JMfac' 
^i8««( 


We  (Wiiuot  d«Hil  tit^re  in  c1«tuil  witlt  Mr. 
Mmpliy's  work,  hh  it  would  require  the 
lee-WKy  of  a  Qnurterly  Bevit^w;  but  we 
may,  ueTcitheleHS,  point  out  Heveral 
faults.  ' 

Ah  u  geuei-ul  obM>rviition,  it  luiglit 
be  noted  that  the  work  is  bused  chiefly 
nixm  two  uHHuiuptiouH,  uiimely,  that  the 
Letter  of  Verrnzznno,  printed  in  156C, 
giving  an  account  of  the  voyage,  waa 
drawn  from  a  document  known  as  the 
"  Oarli  Letter,"  and  tliat  the  Letter  4>t 
VenKsszitno  was  unknown  in  the  lifetime 
of  Francis  I.  We  repeat,  deliberately, 
that  these  are  attMnmptions.  And  uiM>n 
thia  foundation  the  whole  anperstrueture 
of  doubt  has  been  reared.  Now  of  tlie 
prolmUe  value  of  tltene  asaumptions^tlie 
rttader  may  better  judge,  after  the  «t«te- 
ment  of  a  fact  or  two,  iudiuuting  tlie 
faulty  character  of  Mr.  Murpby'a  infor- 
mation re8;)ectingaome  topica  tluit  should 
l»e  well  understood.  We  refer  to  what 
he  says  about  the  information  contained 


v 


in  VflrraBBaiio'B  Letter,  which,  h^  claims, 
fails  to  mention  well  known  thingR,  and 
that,  therefore,  he  could  never  have  made 
the  voyage  or  visited  the  New  England 
coast,     ijnongst  other  omissiouB  by  Ver- 
raxEauo,  is  that  of  the  subject  of  wam- 
pnm;  also  of  tobacco  and  Indian  names. 
The  writer  in  the  Reyi»ier  thinks,  with 
Mr.   Mnrphy,  that  these  omissions  are 
remarkable,    and    therefore    refuses    to 
believe  that  Verrazzano  described  New 
England  from  actual  knowledge.     But, 
before    adopting    this    conclusion,    we 
should  inquire,  not  only  what  other  ex- 
plorers have  said,  but  what  they  have  nol 
said.    Various  early  writers  do  not  men- 
tion either    wampum,-  tobacco,   or  any 
Indian  words.    But  we  are  finally  told, 
that    the    "  most  remarkable    omisaioQ 
of  all"  is  that  of  the  hark  canoe,  which 
Yerrazzano,  if  he  had  mitde  the  voyage, 
must   have  seen   covering    the  waters. 
Verrazzano  does  rwt  mention  the  bark 
oauoe,  but   does   say   that  the   natives 


made  their  o««<»fi»  fi^>ni   tlw  tarunlu  of 
tr«e«,    which    they    bnrned    out,    nnd 
Hhaiied  into  boat".      And  in  this  mipect 
VerrassKano  w.jm/evil,y  correct.     LeBcar- 
l>ot  vhen  on  the  New    Engkmd  coast 
in    1607,    investigated   tl»e    whole    sub- 
ject, and  we  know  b<)th  from  him  and 
Champlaiu,  thftt,  while  bnrk  canoea  were 
made     in     MawtacliHsettw    ond    Maine, 
the  jn-evailiHg  lifpe  waa  that  of  the  log 
canoe.    In  1524,  it  ia  probable  that  tt»e 
birch  canoe  was  not  known  at  all,  as  it 
was  difficult  to  make  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  iron  tools  by  Europeans,  and  was 
confined  to  northern  parts,  where  the 
trees  were  generaUy  small  and  scarce, 
which  rendered  canoes  of  bark  and  skin 
necessary,  no  matter  what  might  be  the 
cost.    Farttier  south,  in  Maine  and  Mas- 
sachusetts, where  the  timl)«r  was  larger, 
JU'e  would  build  fit  the  canoe,  and  this 
easy  but  slow  style  of  naval  construction 
prevailed,  until  the  white  man  came  with 
sharp  knives  and  hatchets.      Then  the 


Tiiri  ft-fr«.-^-i--'-^-^ "—'■■■ 


tetliuuN  pi'owMH  of  bui'uiiig  K>'"<lually  went 
ont  of  iMe,  since,  witli  f*hMq>  t<xjlM,  n  «!tiu«H' 
couhl  ht'  made  from  burk  in  a  day. 

On  tliiM  |K>int,  liowovw,  we  Itave  di«ll- 
nite  statomento.  Leuciirbot,  who  tr«atH 
»t  lurg«  of  the  canoe  in  hi8  work  on 
"Now  France,"  tella  im  tliat  th«  north- 
ern and  Canadian  fa«biou  ia  to  bnild  with 
hark;  but  that  the  people  livJnK  between 
Nova  Hcotia  and  Floriila  have  'another 
fashion;"  and  he  minutely  dencTibcs  the 
manner  in  which  tliey  burned  out  and 
shaped  their  canoeB,  as  they  did  in  the 
day  of  VemnKzano.  Moreover,  Cham 
plain  tells  ns  himself  that  he  mw  the  log 
canoes  near  (Jape  Ann,  though  he  also 
mentions  the  bark  canoe,  which  wan  then 
coming  into  vogue,  the  Indians  being 
encouraged  by  the  tools  and  the  example 
of  the  white  man;  who  also  taught  him  to 
propel  his  canoe  by  means  of  sails,  of 
which  Jossleyn,  for  instance,  gives  an 
example. 

Champlain  not  only  saw  the  log  can<Je, 


T 


|iilly  went 
noauue 

Iio  ir«<at8 

work  on 

w  iiortii- 

tuild  with 

between 

Hnotiif>r 

nl>«>8  tho 

out  and 

id  in  (he 

r,   Cham- 

w  the  log 

h«  HJao 

1  WM  then 

una  being 

e  example 

;ht  him  to 

f  aaik,   of 

gives  an 

log  canoe, 


but,  at  Hmco,  LfMwrlNtt  uIho  uoteM  thtni. 
Hjienlcing  of  the  JVonrh  nt  tliut  iilme  he 
mijrM,  "|>rem'ntly  the  Hea  mum  weue  all 
coueml  ouer  witli  their  UiMittn,  hi.ltn 
with  nimble  ami  Insly  men  holding  Uuni- 
wlvea  vp  ntraipht  in  tlu-m:  whi<li  ure 
eaunot  doe  without  diinger,  Uioim)  Boalew 
iMiing  nothing  elao  hid  h-ettn  holtoirett  out." 
(I'lireht.s,  Vol.  4,  p.  H»88.) 

We  give  thia  nimply  hh  one  illnatration 
'f  the  worlhlemnefiH  of  the  chargcH 
brought  by  Mr.  Murphy  Hgainnt  the  Let- 
ter of  Verrazzano.  The  "moBtreiuurk- 
«ble  omitwion  of  all,"  or  the  failure  to 
speak  of  the  hark  canoe,  in  one  of  the 
proofs  of  itfl  aulhmtirUv.  Aud  if  tlie 
ohargeM  in  connection  witli  well  known 
mattei-a  are  of  this  eharacter,  what  gronnd 
is  there  for  eoaiideuoe  in  cumteetious 
where  knowledge  is  not  so  easily  acquir- 
ed? Some  reply  to  this  query  will  be 
given  at  another  time.  It  suffices  to  say 
tor  the  preHent,  tliat  this  elaborate  work 
by  Mr.  Murphy  appears  to  us  us  u  grand 


I 

i 


10 
mistake.     It  does  not  even  give  correct 
teaching  respecting   the    bonndaries  of 
New  France,  or  Norombega;  the  narr-,tive 
of    Jean  Allfonsce  being  mistranslated, 
latitude  foriy-ftoe  being    given    for  the 
"Cape  of  Norombega."  which  Allfonsce 
says  is  \a  forty-one.    The  map  drawn  to 
embody  the  blunder,  with  all  the  conclu- 
sions built  upon  it,  therefore  falls  to  the 
ground;  like  the  charges  brought  against 
Verrazzano,  in  connection  with  thfl  hai-- 
borage,  overlooking  tl)f5  fact  that  many 
others  met  with  similar  ?xperiences.    All 
tliis   may  appear   ungracious,    but   we 
speak  in  the  interest  of  the  truth. 

Assuming  that  the  Carli  version  was 
the  source  of  Kamusio's,  Mr.  Murphy 
attacks  the  author's  veracity,  because  he 
sajrs  that,  in  a  part  of  America  the  color 
of  tl  e  nutives  was  black  and  "  not  much 
different"  from  that  of  Ethiopians, 
though  it  is  dear  that  it  wax  different. 
If,  however,  we  were  to  reject  every  old 
narrative  on  account  of  jwdpable  exagge- 


n^t^m 


5Ct 

of 

ive 
ed, 
bhe 
8ce 

to 
jlu- 
tbe 
ami 
lai'- 
any 
AU 

we 

was 
phy 
I  he 
olor 
noli 
ws, 
eut. 
old 


11 

Tuitions,  wc  should  have  little  materinl 
left.     It  woiUd  then  fare  hard  with  Car- 
tier  who,  in  his  voyage  of  1534,  puts 
tropical  pi-oduetions  in  Canada,  and  with 
Popliam,  who  (1607)  made  nutmegs  grow 
in    New    England,    and    with    Oosnold 
(1602)  whose  scribe  makes  certain  men 
in  Vineyard  Sound  black  and  thin  beard- 
ed,   and   with   Weymouth    (1.606)    who 
makes  tiie  women  of  Maine  bhick.     Oth- 
erwise, .conceding  for  the  time  the  as- 
sumption that  the  Carli  version  is  the 
original,  Mr.  Murphy's  objection  is  not 
criiicisin.     One  might  as  w6U  tell  us  that 
the  proprietor  of  Merry  Mount  was  never 
in  New  England,  because  he  says  that 
L  thiy  have  no  coughs  and   ooida   there. 
Referring,   however,  the   Bamnsio   and 
CarU  versions,  to  an  earliar  version,  as 
we  have  a  perfect  right  to  do,   (though 
willing  even  that  the  matter  should  be 
decided  by  the  Carli  version  alone,  as  tho 
objections,  if  not  corruptions,   may  be 
simply  common  exaggerations,  like  some 


t 


I 


of  tliUHu  pointed  oat,)  we  ohiiU  theu  the 
more  reHctf^  undenttand  the  differenceM 
iu  the  two  texts;  since,  for  instance, 
Hakhiyt,  when  trniialiiting  Allfonnce, 
makes  him  say  that  tigs  grow  iu  Canada, 
while  »  second  translation  tells  us  that 
Canada  extends  to  the  land  of  Fignier. 
Witlumt  an  original  version  to  refer  to, 
we  might  say  that  the  latter  was  "worked 
over"  from  the  former  to  conceal  the 
author's  ignorance;  or  that  Mr.  Murphy's 
version  of  Alifonsce,  where  hcj  says  that 
the  natives  of  Norombega  are  "large 
and  hand8<jme,"  is  woriced  over  h'om  the 
corrupt  edition  of  Alifonsce,  of  1659, 
which  declares  thot  these  people  are 
sm/ill  and  bhickish.  Fortanatrfy,  bow- 
ever,  we  have  the  original.  But,  in  con- 
nection with  tlie  Carli  vt^rsion  itself,  we 
have  an  illustration  of  the  manner  in 
which  language  is  perverted.  For  in- 
stance, that  disinterested  scholar,  the  late 
Dr.  Goggswcll,  translates  one  passage 
from  the  Garii  version  as  follows:    "  We 


1! 


Id 

hftVe  ofteh  heeti  the  grnpea  which  tiiey 
produce  very  Hweut  Aud  pleawtut,  and  uoii 
ttnlike  onr  ownj"  bnt  Mr.  Murphy's  ver- 
hiou  lliBiRtR  upoli  the  follntvibg:  "Be- 
fntifle  fnittivp  the  fruit  many  iimeit,  we  peW 
ceiVed  it  was  sweet  and  pleasant,  not 
different  from  ours. "  Thus  wide  are  the 
departnres  already  hinde  Ivithin  a  t«¥ 
yejirs  ft-om .  the  terfion  of  Ootli^  and 
they  itodieatfe  faintly  the  nathte  of  th^ 
Vicissitudes  which  have  oVert«ken  the 
htigicftl  Letter  of  VettazzahO;  It  is 
therefoftf  to  be  tegrettfed,  sO  fat  aH  pres- 
ent fonsequentea  tttay  be  ooncellied,  that 
the  lal^giia^e  of  the  Ftotentihe  lias  been 
treated  in  ^hai  aeenTs  to  n9  su(;h  on  on- 
fortunate  Vta,yi 

We  doffe  tWa  btieif  notice  bjr  i-efferring' 
t  ij  the  signiftcnni  fact  that  Mr<  Murphy 
gi*e«  ofle  pftfco  6f  ieaeliinir  ifi  his  book/ 
(p.  145)  #bidi/  if  tttie,  tvOuld  tat*  obvi- 
ated the  becessity  of  pHftting  ah  expen- 
sive and  elegant  octavo  volume.  Thd' 
teaching  is  this,-  tlmi  «t  the  time  VerraK-' 


I 


;i 


14 

ZatiO,  hcdolrc\{ng  to  his  Lettey,  Was  explor- 
ing Americiv,  he  van  aotually  engaged  aa 
a  Corsair,  captnring  a  ship  on  her  way 
home  from  the  Indies.  But  Mr.  Mnr- 
phy  does  not  give  ns  the  (Mf  of  cap- 
ture, which  he  would  have  I"!*,  if 
there  had  bfeeh  ahy  to  give.  'ih.  vtoot 
of  this  should  have  been  upon  the 
forefront  of  his  book;  though  such  proof 
would  have  been  all  the  book  needed. 
As  it  is,  the  teaching  finds  its  own  place 
in  an  obscure  cortieV,  only  to  spring 
upon  the  reader  at  the  proper  time,  when 
warmed  with  supposittotts  doubt.  There 
is  nothing  in  it. 

We  believe,  therefore,  that  when  thor- 
oughly discussed,  the  Letter  of  Vemraz- 
zano,  like  the  Voyage  of  the  Zeni,  will 
rise  above  all  doubt,  and  that  the  names 
of  Bamusio  and  VerrafcBano,  the  Histo- 
rian and  the  Navigator,  will  alik*  stand 
together  in  the  ano^s  of  Amwrica  to  the 
«nd  of  timok 


HWW^Wirtt'».MMiW«i:«^<J 


ii  i)itmviHimmi'mmm*iifimm'i»'M^ 


n^ 


/V^ 


Ab^tntldi 


Since  the  foregoing  wiw  pat  in  typ^i 

b  copy   of    the    "  R^m   Oritique"    has 

come  to  hand,  containing  copies  of  two 

dooumeutii  jufit  discovered  in  the  archives 

of  Bouen,  which  show  that  Verraazano 

had  a  brother  named  Jerome.    He  wofl 

the  author  of   the  Map  that  indicates 

the  voyagei    This  brother  has  been  treat- 

ed  as  a  mi/th  by  some,  in  oMer  to  discred' 

it  both  voyage  tod  ntepi    But  the  diw 

tovery  shows  that,  May  11th,  1626,  this 

Jerome  VaB  living,  and  that   "  Jerasme 

de  Varasenne"  was  the  btothet  abd  heiv 

{/rei'i  et  heriti«r)  of  the  "Noble  homma 

Jehau  de  Vai'asennd." 

To  illuSttate  the  esJte  with  which  a 
disputant  with  a  theory  adopts  whatevel- 
hppearft  to  be  in  hlft  favor,  it  may  be 


tc?*^^v^,  ^  »- 


VNv.. 


\^ 


J-Kj^^m^ 


Vwt 


f 
it 


"T 


iSninWl  oiii  tnat  the  eathQable  aattioi*  ftl 
thu  vork  nmlei'  notice  tPHchen  tb»t  Ma<" 
tin  Prin?.  In  l()0£l,  obtained  a  bork  mnue 
Ht  MmtUa'H  A^aejiU^  tii  this  be  followft 
tbti  rttoi^  det  afloat  in  lA9t  bj^  JSelhuapi 
lu  160!)  Mnrtin  Pring  did  not  go  around 
hr  riontb  df  dftftei  dddt  {Qbi  ilietGJIdre  did 
not  obtain  an^  bark  cnnoH  oi*  bnild  an^ 
''  Uurrioado  *'  nt  ICartha'n  Viaeyardi 


-:-^.aj»k:.jaj.aftia«a»»t.-n5--.t);iKatg4ai»^ 


■  ^-.^ejwyttfw.*^; 


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iii^^MM^teita 


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